Primary metabolites include the building blocks required to make the four major macromolecules within the body: carbohydrates, lipids, proteins, and nucleic acids (DNA and RNA). They have a wide species distribution that span many phyla and frequently more than one kingdom. They are associated with essential cellular functions such as nutrient assimilation, energy production, and growth/development. Primary metabolites are components of basic metabolic pathways that are required for life. A more restrictive definition limiting natural products to secondary metabolites is commonly used within the fields of medicinal chemistry and pharmacognosy, the study and use of natural products in medicine. Natural products, especially within the field of organic chemistry, are often defined as primary and secondary metabolites. Secondary metabolites are not essential to survival but do increase the competitiveness of the organism within its environment. Secondary metabolites in contrast are organic molecules that typically have an extrinsic function that mainly affects other organisms outside of the producer.
Examples of primary metabolites include the core building block molecules (nucleic acids, amino acids, sugars, and fatty acids) required to make the major macromolecules (DNA, RNA, proteins, carbohydrates, and lipids) responsible for sustaining life. the organism would die without these metabolites). Primary metabolites are organic molecules that have an intrinsic function that is essential to the survival of the organism that produces them (i.e. Natural products are often divided into two major classes: primary and secondary metabolites. Natural products may be classified according to their biological function, biosynthetic pathway, or their source. In fact, natural organic products find their way into almost every facet of our lives, from the clothes on our backs, to plastics and rubber products, health and beauty products, and even the energy we use to power our automobiles. In addition to medicine, natural products and their derivatives are commonly used as food additives in the form of spices and herbs, antibacterial agents, and antioxidants to protect food freshness and longevity. Food and Drug Administration (FDA) approved drugs. In fact, natural products are the inspiration for approximately half of U.S. Currently, natural products are often used as starting points for drug discovery followed by synthetic modifications to help reduce side effects and increase bioavailabilty. Thus, natural products have been utilized in both traditional and modern medicine for treating diseases. In fact, the structural diversity of natural products far exceeds the capabilities of synthetic organic chemists within the laboratory. Natural products have high structural diversity and unique pharmacological or biological activities due to the natural selection and evolutionary processes that have shaped their utility over hundreds of thousands of years. The science of organic chemistry, in fact, has its origins in the study of natural products, and has given rise to the fields of synthetic organic chemistry where scientists create organic molecules in the laboratory, and semi-synthetic organic chemistrywhere scientists modify existing natural products to improve or alter their activities. A more restrictive definition of a natural productis any organic compound that is synthesized by a living organism. milk, plant exudates), and other natural materials that were once found in living organisms (e.g. bioplastics, cornstarch), bodily fluids (e.g. What is a natural product chemistry and why should we be interested in studying it? The broadest definition of a natural productis anything that is produced by life, and includes biotic materials (e.g. Chapter 6: A Brief History of Natural Products and Organic Chemistry 6.1 Definition and Uses 6.2 Natural Product Function 6.3 Primary Metabolites 6.4 Secondary Metabolites 6.5 Where Do We Find Natural Products? Prokaryotic Organisms Bacteria Archaea Eukaryotic Organisms Fungi Plants Animals 6.6 Foundations in Organic and Natural Products Chemistry Early Investigations Structural Theories Expanding the Concept Milestones 6.7 Chapter Summary 6.8 References
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